q751

R-SET GOLD-ONLY arbitrary-cut not-a-function-of-the-data

superhero · mini_dev_postgresql from https://bird-bench.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/minidev.zip (sha256 cc48ba16838204e4e214512030cb572eeb5f7bcdd999bae4b9b6ff12ec13b92f, downloaded 2026-09-07), member minidev/MINIDEV/mini_dev_postgresql.json

The question

List down at least five superpowers of male superheroes.

the hint the set supplies: male refers to gender = 'Male'; superpowers refers to power_name;

This question was audited without a prediction beside it, so there is nothing to compare the gold with. The probes below read the gold alone.

The statements

gold

SELECT T3.power_name FROM superhero AS T1 INNER JOIN hero_power AS T2 ON T1.id = T2.hero_id INNER JOIN superpower AS T3 ON T3.id = T2.power_id INNER JOIN gender AS T4 ON T4.id = T1.gender_id WHERE T4.gender = 'Male' LIMIT 5

this statement states no ordering of its own

sha256:97de5bce3cd7402783ecc7babb69f3501a0e97e780c0b7fa928cb6261cb77c36

The results

gold, 5 rows

from evidence-gold.json, 5 rows

power_nametext
Agility
Super Strength
Stamina
Super Speed
Accelerated Healing

The probes

A smell is a mechanical reason to read this gold statement again. It is a heuristic: it does not state that the statement is wrong, and a maintainer decides.

ordering-over-numeric-text not applicable

this statement orders by a text column holding only numbers, and ordering it as a number gives a different answer, so the gold may be sorting 9.5 above 10

the statement states no top level ORDER BY

what it measured 
{
  "heuristic": true,
  "reason": "the statement states no top level ORDER BY"
}

arbitrary-cut fired

this statement cuts its result at a LIMIT that does not decide which rows come back, so a different but equally correct statement can return other rows and score zero

from smells.json, 5 rows

Stamina
Energy Manipulation
Durability
Super Strength
Teleportation
what it measured 
{
  "heuristic": true,
  "case": "no-ordering",
  "cut": 5,
  "why": "the statement bounds its result and states no ORDER BY, so which rows it returns is whichever ones the plan produced first",
  "shuffle": {
    "seed": "1",
    "row_limit": 300000,
    "tables": [
      "gender",
      "superpower",
      "superhero",
      "hero_power"
    ],
    "tables_not_shuffled": [],
    "tables_skipped_for_size": {
      "laptimes": 400524,
      "legalities": 427907,
      "posthistory": 303155,
      "trans": 1056320,
      "yearmonth": 383282
    },
    "tables_not_reached_by_a_copy": {}
  },
  "verdict": "not_equal",
  "gold_result": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "name": "power_name",
        "declared_type": "text"
      }
    ],
    "row_count": 5,
    "truncated": false,
    "rows_shown": 5,
    "rows": [
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Agility"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Super Strength"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Stamina"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Super Speed"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Accelerated Healing"
        }
      ]
    ],
    "result_hash": "sha256:97de5bce3cd7402783ecc7babb69f3501a0e97e780c0b7fa928cb6261cb77c36"
  },
  "shuffled_result": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "name": "power_name",
        "declared_type": "text"
      }
    ],
    "row_count": 5,
    "truncated": false,
    "rows_shown": 5,
    "rows": [
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Stamina"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Energy Manipulation"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Durability"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Super Strength"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Teleportation"
        }
      ]
    ],
    "result_hash": "sha256:2c22b6b89b8af08c884d1b8c56d173a1bcfb629792bdffa61776c98288aec8c6"
  }
}

not-a-function-of-the-data fired

rerun over the same rows in another physical order this statement gives another answer, so its result depends on how the rows are stored and not only on the data

from smells.json, 5 rows

Stamina
Energy Manipulation
Durability
Super Strength
Teleportation
what it measured 
{
  "heuristic": true,
  "rule": "R-SET",
  "baseline_result_hash": "sha256:97de5bce3cd7402783ecc7babb69f3501a0e97e780c0b7fa928cb6261cb77c36",
  "baseline_result": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "name": "power_name",
        "declared_type": "text"
      }
    ],
    "row_count": 5,
    "truncated": false,
    "rows_shown": 5,
    "rows": [
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Agility"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Super Strength"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Stamina"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Super Speed"
        }
      ],
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Accelerated Healing"
        }
      ]
    ],
    "result_hash": "sha256:97de5bce3cd7402783ecc7babb69f3501a0e97e780c0b7fa928cb6261cb77c36"
  },
  "planner_statistics": {
    "gender": {
      "last_analyze": null,
      "last_autoanalyze": null,
      "n_mod_since_analyze": 3
    },
    "superpower": {
      "last_analyze": null,
      "last_autoanalyze": null,
      "n_mod_since_analyze": 167
    },
    "superhero": {
      "last_analyze": null,
      "last_autoanalyze": "2026-09-08 05:19:12.518866+00",
      "n_mod_since_analyze": 0
    },
    "hero_power": {
      "last_analyze": null,
      "last_autoanalyze": null,
      "n_mod_since_analyze": 5825
    }
  },
  "shuffle": {
    "seed": "1",
    "row_limit": 300000,
    "tables": [
      "gender",
      "superpower",
      "superhero",
      "hero_power"
    ],
    "tables_not_shuffled": [],
    "tables_skipped_for_size": {
      "laptimes": 400524,
      "legalities": 427907,
      "posthistory": 303155,
      "trans": 1056320,
      "yearmonth": 383282
    },
    "tables_not_reached_by_a_copy": {}
  },
  "shuffled_copies": {
    "run": true,
    "verdict": "not_equal",
    "differs": true,
    "result_hash": "sha256:2c22b6b89b8af08c884d1b8c56d173a1bcfb629792bdffa61776c98288aec8c6",
    "result": {
      "columns": [
        {
          "name": "power_name",
          "declared_type": "text"
        }
      ],
      "row_count": 5,
      "truncated": false,
      "rows_shown": 5,
      "rows": [
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Stamina"
          }
        ],
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Energy Manipulation"
          }
        ],
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Durability"
          }
        ],
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Super Strength"
          }
        ],
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Teleportation"
          }
        ]
      ],
      "result_hash": "sha256:2c22b6b89b8af08c884d1b8c56d173a1bcfb629792bdffa61776c98288aec8c6"
    }
  },
  "plan_variant": {
    "run": false,
    "reason": "the plan variant was not asked for"
  }
}

The evidence records

gold: evidence-gold.json

SELECT T3.power_name FROM superhero AS T1 INNER JOIN hero_power AS T2 ON T1.id = T2.hero_id INNER JOIN superpower AS T3 ON T3.id = T2.power_id INNER JOIN gender AS T4 ON T4.id = T1.gender_id WHERE T4.gender = 'Male' LIMIT 5
statement read from
data/questions/mini_dev_postgresql.json
digest
sha256:d2731292f20b8d8569cd956dd747ffe1df13cd625076263e38ae9ebcef50b1ab
origin
https://bird-bench.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/minidev.zip (sha256 cc48ba16838204e4e214512030cb572eeb5f7bcdd999bae4b9b6ff12ec13b92f, downloaded 2026-09-07), member minidev/MINIDEV/mini_dev_postgresql.json, 2024-06-19

result_hash sha256:97de5bce3cd7402783ecc7babb69f3501a0e97e780c0b7fa928cb6261cb77c36 recomputed from this JSON: match

record_hash sha256:e357c08483e207e1a57742b950d77cdeada64ceba99edb24652bd2aba9cb9318 recomputed from this JSON: match

the result this record holds, 5 rows

from evidence-gold.json, 5 rows

power_nametext
Agility
Super Strength
Stamina
Super Speed
Accelerated Healing
what ran, and where
run
audit-adbef1a5-9f41-4a8f-ac55-8c3d8df71394
executed at
2026-09-08T05:19:14.429093+00:00
data as of
2026-09-08T05:18:53.188261+00:00
backend at checkout
PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird
backend that answered
PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird
database role
auditor
replay rule
R-SET
question set version
sha256:d2731292f20b8d8569cd956dd747ffe1df13cd625076263e38ae9ebcef50b1ab
validator
audit:libpg_query-parse
checks run
parses_as_exactly_one_statement, the_one_statement_is_a_select, no_placeholder_without_a_bound_parameter
statement timeout
30000 ms
rows
5 rows
the session it ran under
engine
postgresql
time_zone
Etc/UTC
date_style
ISO, MDY
interval_style
postgres
extra_float_digits
1
database_collation
en_US.utf8
work_mem
4096
hash_mem_multiplier
2

recorded beside them

statement_timeout
0
search_path
"$user", public
server_version
16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2)
server_version_num
160015
transaction_read_only
on
max_parallel_workers_per_gather
2
server_encoding
UTF8
datlocprovider
c
daticulocale
datcollversion
2.41
the rendering and the data
version
attestql/audit/2
numeric_scale
6
timestamp_format
%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ
timezone
UTC
null_rendering
NULL
encoding
utf-8
schema digest
sha256:b899c7c13aba71f38862d9fd2449df4bbba32c172257c31f725cf48fa6238de3
source file sha256
sha256:31b1da211849d24a57c9af7636da46a5b82fc8a3ca1542bb3ebd8775e9a31cec
rows in public.gender
3
rows in public.hero_power
5825
rows in public.superhero
750
rows in public.superpower
167

Running these again

gold

re-run this statement read-only against PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird under the session settings and over the data this record's fixture digest names, and compare the two results under R-SET

This question's run

run
audit-adbef1a5-9f41-4a8f-ac55-8c3d8df71394
server
PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird
question set
mini_dev_postgresql from https://bird-bench.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/minidev.zip (sha256 cc48ba16838204e4e214512030cb572eeb5f7bcdd999bae4b9b6ff12ec13b92f, downloaded 2026-09-07), member minidev/MINIDEV/mini_dev_postgresql.json
replay rule
R-SET

the run this question belongs to

The JSON this page was rendered from