q1147 NOT

The question

Please name one player whose overall strength is the greatest.

the hint the set supplies: overall strength is the greatest refers to MAX(overall_rating)

NOT_EQUAL states that these two statements disagree on this data under this rule. It does not state which of them is wrong.

read by hand, 2026-09-04: B harmless: one distinct row repeated; DISTINCT added by the prediction; a list under twice the answer with every row present

one distinct row (Lionel Messi) repeated

a maintainer's reading of this question, out of classification.json, copied from plans/reports/prediction-mode-260904-real-predictions/classification.json. It is not a verdict and nothing above it was computed from it.

The statements

gold

SELECT DISTINCT t1.player_name FROM Player AS t1 INNER JOIN Player_Attributes AS t2 ON t1.player_api_id = t2.player_api_id WHERE t2.overall_rating = (SELECT MAX(overall_rating) FROM Player_Attributes)

this statement states no ordering of its own

sha256:f74ddea0d63ce286c4adcfebaae6da2835e1edca115b735dff02dff3b877e542

second

SELECT  Player.player_name
FROM Player
INNER JOIN Player_Attributes ON Player.player_api_id = Player_Attributes.player_api_id
WHERE Player_Attributes.overall_rating = (SELECT MAX(overall_rating) FROM Player_Attributes)

this statement states no ordering of its own

sha256:690cecab9a78828c9914c3e582e50cc258be49f382a9f8196af89a9f08303d6c

The marked tokens are where the two texts differ. Two statements that differ everywhere can return the same rows, and two that differ in one token can return other rows; the verdict above is read off the results.

The rows they differ in

in gold, not in the prediction, 0 rows

from counterexample.json, 0 rows, up to 25 shown per side

side	player_nametext
no rows

in the prediction, not in gold, 11 rows

from counterexample.json, 11 rows, up to 25 shown per side, 1 on this page

side	times	player_nametext
second	11	Lionel Messi

What the benchmark would have said

BIRD's own check: 1

set(second_rows) == set(gold_rows), float4/float8 cells as Python float as psycopg2 returns them, numeric as Decimal

https://github.com/bird-bench/mini_dev/blob/main/evaluation/evaluation_ex.py

gold_rows: 1
second_rows: 12
gold_distinct_rows: 1
second_distinct_rows: 1

the test-suite check: 0

result_eq: equal row counts and equal column counts, each row unordered as a quick rejection, then the two equal as a list when the gold text holds ORDER BY and as a multiset otherwise, under some permutation of the columns; DISTINCT is not stripped and re-executed, and the cells are PostgreSQL's as psycopg2 returns them

ruiqi-zhong/test-suite-sql-eval, exec_eval.py, result_eq, at commit 48cb78ec: https://github.com/ruiqi-zhong/test-suite-sql-eval/blob/48cb78ecf7f610620206283846c76751b18a1326/exec_eval.py

order_matters: false
gold_rows: 1
second_rows: 12
gold_columns: 1
second_columns: 1

the class: multiplicity

The class states what makes these two results unequal under this rule, read off the two results and nothing else. It does not state which of the two statements is wrong.

The gold returned 1 rows and the prediction 12. 1 rows occur in both results at least once.

gold_types: ["text"]
second_types: ["text"]
multiset_equal: false
set_equal: true
order_equal: false
shorter_result_is_a_prefix: true

The results

gold, 1 row

from counterexample.json, 1 row

player_nametext
Lionel Messi

second, 12 rows

from counterexample.json, 12 rows

player_nametext
Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi

The probes

A smell is a mechanical reason to read this gold statement again. It is a heuristic: it does not state that the statement is wrong, and a maintainer decides.

ordering-over-numeric-text not applicable

this statement orders by a text column holding only numbers, and ordering it as a number gives a different answer, so the gold may be sorting 9.5 above 10

the statement states no top level ORDER BY

what it measured

{
  "heuristic": true,
  "reason": "the statement states no top level ORDER BY"
}

arbitrary-cut not applicable

this statement cuts its result at a LIMIT that does not decide which rows come back, so a different but equally correct statement can return other rows and score zero

the statement states no LIMIT

what it measured

{
  "heuristic": true,
  "reason": "the statement states no LIMIT"
}

not-a-function-of-the-data quiet

rerun over the same rows in another physical order this statement gives another answer, so its result depends on how the rows are stored and not only on the data

what it measured

{
  "heuristic": true,
  "rule": "R-SET",
  "baseline_result_hash": "sha256:f74ddea0d63ce286c4adcfebaae6da2835e1edca115b735dff02dff3b877e542",
  "baseline_result": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "name": "player_name",
        "declared_type": "text"
      }
    ],
    "row_count": 1,
    "truncated": false,
    "rows_shown": 1,
    "rows": [
      [
        {
          "type": "str",
          "value": "Lionel Messi"
        }
      ]
    ],
    "result_hash": "sha256:f74ddea0d63ce286c4adcfebaae6da2835e1edca115b735dff02dff3b877e542"
  },
  "planner_statistics": {
    "player": {
      "last_analyze": null,
      "last_autoanalyze": "2026-09-08 05:19:42.607944+00",
      "n_mod_since_analyze": 0
    },
    "player_attributes": {
      "last_analyze": null,
      "last_autoanalyze": "2026-09-08 05:19:47.072684+00",
      "n_mod_since_analyze": 0
    }
  },
  "shuffle": {
    "seed": "1",
    "row_limit": 300000,
    "tables": [
      "player",
      "player_attributes"
    ],
    "tables_not_shuffled": [],
    "tables_skipped_for_size": {
      "laptimes": 400524,
      "legalities": 427907,
      "posthistory": 303155,
      "trans": 1056320,
      "yearmonth": 383282
    },
    "tables_not_reached_by_a_copy": {}
  },
  "shuffled_copies": {
    "run": true,
    "verdict": "equal",
    "differs": false,
    "result_hash": "sha256:f74ddea0d63ce286c4adcfebaae6da2835e1edca115b735dff02dff3b877e542",
    "result": {
      "columns": [
        {
          "name": "player_name",
          "declared_type": "text"
        }
      ],
      "row_count": 1,
      "truncated": false,
      "rows_shown": 1,
      "rows": [
        [
          {
            "type": "str",
            "value": "Lionel Messi"
          }
        ]
      ],
      "result_hash": "sha256:f74ddea0d63ce286c4adcfebaae6da2835e1edca115b735dff02dff3b877e542"
    }
  },
  "plan_variant": {
    "run": false,
    "reason": "the plan variant was not asked for"
  }
}

The evidence records

gold: evidence-gold.json

SELECT DISTINCT t1.player_name FROM Player AS t1 INNER JOIN Player_Attributes AS t2 ON t1.player_api_id = t2.player_api_id WHERE t2.overall_rating = (SELECT MAX(overall_rating) FROM Player_Attributes)

statement read from: data/questions/mini_dev_postgresql.json
digest: sha256:d2731292f20b8d8569cd956dd747ffe1df13cd625076263e38ae9ebcef50b1ab
origin: https://bird-bench.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/minidev.zip (sha256 cc48ba16838204e4e214512030cb572eeb5f7bcdd999bae4b9b6ff12ec13b92f, downloaded 2026-09-07), member minidev/MINIDEV/mini_dev_postgresql.json, 2024-06-19

result_hash sha256:f74ddea0d63ce286c4adcfebaae6da2835e1edca115b735dff02dff3b877e542 recomputed from this JSON: match

record_hash sha256:a98ee54f0416b3f8466d11e961a8eabab36b26389e6cff73c4a6e741a1b98f39 recomputed from this JSON: match

the result this record holds, 1 row

from evidence-gold.json, 1 row

player_nametext
Lionel Messi

what ran, and where

run: audit-b6efa569-00a2-4421-b91b-09d107e2dac3
executed at: 2026-09-08T05:20:32.282817+00:00
data as of: 2026-09-08T05:20:16.520067+00:00
backend at checkout: PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird
backend that answered: PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird
database role: auditor
replay rule: R-SET
question set version: sha256:d2731292f20b8d8569cd956dd747ffe1df13cd625076263e38ae9ebcef50b1ab
validator: audit:libpg_query-parse
checks run: parses_as_exactly_one_statement, the_one_statement_is_a_select, no_placeholder_without_a_bound_parameter
statement timeout: 120000 ms
rows: 1 row

the session it ran under

engine: postgresql
time_zone: Etc/UTC
date_style: ISO, MDY
interval_style: postgres
extra_float_digits: 1
database_collation: en_US.utf8
work_mem: 4096
hash_mem_multiplier: 2

recorded beside them

statement_timeout: 0
search_path: "$user", public
server_version: 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2)
server_version_num: 160015
transaction_read_only: on
max_parallel_workers_per_gather: 2
server_encoding: UTF8
datlocprovider: c
daticulocale
datcollversion: 2.41

the rendering and the data

version: attestql/audit/2
numeric_scale: 6
timestamp_format: %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ
timezone: UTC
null_rendering: NULL
encoding: utf-8
schema digest: sha256:87b270d6a8bbd90cb1e8577d1d3e0aec65dd5c52bd7608e162d971b37e42d980
source file sha256: sha256:31b1da211849d24a57c9af7636da46a5b82fc8a3ca1542bb3ebd8775e9a31cec
rows in public.player: 11060
rows in public.player_attributes: 183978

second: evidence-second.json

SELECT  Player.player_name
FROM Player
INNER JOIN Player_Attributes ON Player.player_api_id = Player_Attributes.player_api_id
WHERE Player_Attributes.overall_rating = (SELECT MAX(overall_rating) FROM Player_Attributes)

statement read from: data/preds-pg/predict_mini_dev_gpt-35-turbo-instruct_postgresql.json
digest: sha256:df1edf6aac3c01cf93041bcd7b60378efe6f7359f19add6d2af2345bef092bf9
origin: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bird-bench/mini_dev/b3d4bcbbae9a96934ad812551eb400c7a3b23c12/llm/exp_result/sql_output_kg/predict_mini_dev_gpt-35-turbo-instruct_postgresql.json, 2024-06-19

result_hash sha256:690cecab9a78828c9914c3e582e50cc258be49f382a9f8196af89a9f08303d6c recomputed from this JSON: match

record_hash sha256:68b51e0c2f6d08abe5b9a0fda672fb3ec4c030e1dc4b30ce4e769474bccb9f2d recomputed from this JSON: match

the result this record holds, 12 rows

from evidence-second.json, 12 rows

player_nametext
Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi

what ran, and where

run: audit-b6efa569-00a2-4421-b91b-09d107e2dac3
executed at: 2026-09-08T05:20:32.316644+00:00
data as of: 2026-09-08T05:20:16.520067+00:00
backend at checkout: PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird
backend that answered: PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird
database role: auditor
replay rule: R-SET
question set version: sha256:d2731292f20b8d8569cd956dd747ffe1df13cd625076263e38ae9ebcef50b1ab
validator: audit:libpg_query-parse
checks run: parses_as_exactly_one_statement, the_one_statement_is_a_select, no_placeholder_without_a_bound_parameter
statement timeout: 120000 ms
rows: 12 rows

the session it ran under

engine: postgresql
time_zone: Etc/UTC
date_style: ISO, MDY
interval_style: postgres
extra_float_digits: 1
database_collation: en_US.utf8
work_mem: 4096
hash_mem_multiplier: 2

recorded beside them

statement_timeout: 0
search_path: "$user", public
server_version: 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2)
server_version_num: 160015
transaction_read_only: on
max_parallel_workers_per_gather: 2
server_encoding: UTF8
datlocprovider: c
daticulocale
datcollversion: 2.41

the rendering and the data

version: attestql/audit/2
numeric_scale: 6
timestamp_format: %Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ
timezone: UTC
null_rendering: NULL
encoding: utf-8
schema digest: sha256:87b270d6a8bbd90cb1e8577d1d3e0aec65dd5c52bd7608e162d971b37e42d980
source file sha256: sha256:31b1da211849d24a57c9af7636da46a5b82fc8a3ca1542bb3ebd8775e9a31cec
rows in public.player: 11060
rows in public.player_attributes: 183978

Running these again

gold

re-run this statement read-only against PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird under the session settings and over the data this record's fixture digest names, and compare the two results under R-SET

second

This question's run

run: audit-b6efa569-00a2-4421-b91b-09d107e2dac3
server: PostgreSQL 16.15 (Debian 16.15-1.pgdg13+2) on aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 14.2.0-19) 14.2.0, 64-bit | server=172.17.0.2/32:5432 | database=bird
question set: mini_dev_postgresql from https://bird-bench.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/minidev.zip (sha256 cc48ba16838204e4e214512030cb572eeb5f7bcdd999bae4b9b6ff12ec13b92f, downloaded 2026-09-07), member minidev/MINIDEV/mini_dev_postgresql.json
replay rule: R-SET

the run this question belongs to

The JSON this page was rendered from

counterexample.json attestql/audit/counterexample/2
evidence-gold.json the gold's evidence record
evidence-second.json the prediction's evidence record
smells.json attestql/audit/smells/2

The question

The statements

◀ gold

▶ second

The rows they differ in

in gold, not in the prediction, 0 rows

in the prediction, not in gold, 11 rows

What the benchmark would have said

BIRD's own check: 1

the test-suite check: 0

the class: multiplicity

The results

The probes

ordering-over-numeric-text not applicable

arbitrary-cut not applicable

not-a-function-of-the-data quiet

The evidence records

gold: evidence-gold.json

recorded beside them

second: evidence-second.json

recorded beside them

Running these again

gold

second

This question's run

The JSON this page was rendered from

gold

second